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We were in a hut in the mountains in the forest and it was pretty cold and dark outside. We had a fire going in the stack. We haven’t seen each other in a long time. You pushed me against the wooden wall while kissing me passionately and grabbing my throat. With you’re other hand you were slowly going down my body. My breasts, my hips .. then you got under my skirt and between my legs. You stopped for a second to look me in the eyes to see my reaction while you put you’re strong fingers in my wet pussy. I gasped and moaned pleasured. You smiled at me while saying that I’m the most beautiful princess and asked me if I wanted more.. I was opening you’re belt and the buttons of you’re trousers. Touching you’re dick and feeling it getting hard. I looked you in the eyes while you quietly moaned „fuuuck“
I got on my knees to suck you’re beautiful cock and balls. „You’re doing so good!“ You gasped. And seeing how much you liked it made me even more aroused. It tasted so good! And while looking up to you, with you’re hard cock in my mouth, to worship you’re whole being we made eye contact. You gently grabbed my chin and pulled me up. „You are such a good girl!“ You said to me while you’re fingers in my soaking wet pussy. You turned me around. One hand on my throat, kissing my neck from behind. You said that I deserve to be fucked good like this. I bent over and you pushed up my skirt to see my ass. You grabbed it with you’re strong hand and then Spanked it..
(24.01.2022)
What is Textual Criticism?
By Bible Researcher Eli Kittim
Definition of Textual Criticism
Textual criticism is a branch of textual studies, which comprise various disciplines whose aims are to transcribe, edit, or annotate texts and documents. Textual criticism is a branch of philology (the study of language in oral and written historical sources) and literary criticism, which is interested in the identification of textual variants or different versions of books or manuscripts. Simply put, textual criticism is a method by which scholars try to determine what an original text actually said. Whereas *higher criticism* is concerned with the origins of the original text (e.g. its authorship, date & place of composition), *lower criticism* (i.e. “textual criticism”) seeks to determine the original linguistic-grammatical structure of the text.
The Process of Textual Criticism
In ancient times, prior to the 15th century invention of the printing press, scribes were usually employed to copy documents by hand. During the copying process, however, intentional and unintentional alterations were made, the former sometimes due to political or religious reasons, the latter out of sheer misunderstanding or negligence. Thus, the aim of the textual critic is to understand the historical composition and transmission of a text and its variants. In so doing, the textual critic may be able to produce a so-called “critical edition,” which is a scholarly edition of a corrected text in conjunction with a critical apparatus that records editorial changes, names of manuscripts, and the like.
As already noted, prior to the printing press, literary works were copied by hand and, as expected, copyists produced different variations at certain places in the text. Given that different scribes introduced various errors, the task of textual reconstruction usually requires a selection of readings gathered from multiple sources. Such an edited text is called “eclectic.” In contrast to the multiple-sources approach, however, a number of textual critics will only seek to identify the best extant text with regard to textual reconstruction. When considering various documents (i.e. “witnesses”) of an original text, the linguistic or grammatical differences or variations are called “variants” or “variant readings.” So, through various comparative methods, textual criticism tries to ascertain how the variants were introduced into the text——whether accidentally (via duplication or omission) or intentionally (by way of censorship or harmonization)——as scribes copied from the original autograph and then transmitted these writings across the then-known world.
Guidelines of Textual Criticism
We have hundreds of extant copies of ancient works, thousands as far as the Bible is concerned, but their relationship to the original text is often unclear. Thus, in order to ascertain which readings are faithful (most closely related to the autograph), textual scholars typically debate which sources appear to be derived from the original text. Typically, when there’s no known original manuscript but only several extant copies or versions, certain guidelines/methods of textual criticism are employed in an attempt to *reconstruct* the original text (i.e. the autograph) as faithfully as possible. In order to determine the most accurate readings of a text, scholars have devised certain guidelines (i.e. “canons”) of textual criticism. Without going into great detail, one of the most prominent rules was established by Koine-Greek scholar Johann Albrecht Bengel (1687–1752), who also produced an edition of the Greek New Testament. In his commentaries, Bengel (aka Bengelius) established the rule that “the harder reading is to be preferred.” That’s because the most difficult reading is probably the one that is less tampered with. A number of these guidelines, which were initially designed for Biblical textual criticism, are now applied to all literary texts that have been exposed to errors of textual transmission!
Conclusion
Textual Criticism is important in determining the original words of texts. But it’s especially important in Bible studies with regard to establishing “the word of God” (Hebrews 4:12), that is, the things that God originally said and revealed in holy writ, since it is said therein that “All Scripture is God-breathed” (2 Timothy 3:16)!
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